Biologist in 2012: CRISPR-Cas9 becomes a programmable editing tool

Not for every biology job — many research-technician, lab-associate and field-survey roles hire people with only a bachelor's or master's degree. But leading an independent research program, running a university lab, or holding many senior positions in pharmaceutical and biotech research nearly always requires a PhD, since it is the credential that certifies someone can design and defend original research alone.

How long does it take to become a professional biologist? It depends heavily on the role. A bachelor's degree (three to four years) is enough for many entry-level research or field positions. Becoming an independent principal investigator who runs a lab typically takes far longer: roughly four years of undergraduate study, five to six years for a PhD, and often several more years of postdoctoral research before a permanent position.

What is the difference between a biologist and a doctor? A physician diagnoses and treats human patients directly, using a medical degree focused on clinical practice. A biologist studies living systems more broadly — genes, cells, organisms, ecosystems — often without ever treating a patient, though biomedical researchers frequently work alongside physicians to develop the drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tools doctors later use in the clinic.