Archaeologist in 1748: The spade and the decipherers

No. In almost every country, excavated finds belong to the state, the landowner or a designated museum, and national antiquities laws — Egypt's since 1983, Greece's since 1834 — make keeping or selling them a crime. Professional codes of ethics, such as the Society for American Archaeology's, also bar members from trading in antiquities. The archaeologist's product is the record and the publication, not the objects.

Do you need a PhD to be an archaeologist? Only for university posts and for directing major research excavations. Most working archaeologists are employed in development-led work — cultural resource management in North America, commercial or rescue archaeology in Europe — where a bachelor's degree plus field school gets you onto a crew, and a master's degree is the usual threshold for supervisory roles. The doctorate matters mainly in the academic minority of the profession.

Modestly, for a profession that often expects a graduate degree. The US median for anthropologists and archaeologists was around $65,000 in 2024 (BLS), with field technicians starting near $40,000. UK commercial archaeologists commonly earn £25,000–£42,000. Australian heritage consultants and tax-free posts on Gulf megaprojects such as AlUla pay substantially better; senior professors and firm principals can pass $120,000.