Paul Broca
Speech production and the birth of modern localization.
A short arc from localization to imaging and causal tools.
Filter classroom eras. Buckets group a teaching story — they are not biography dates.
Educational history only. Not a ranking of scientists and not a diagnosis.
Speech maps and the neuron idea enter the classroom story.
Columns, memory patients, place cells, and growth factors.
Emotion, vision, and larger network ideas.
Speech production and the birth of modern localization.
Comprehension aphasia and the language network idea.
The neuron doctrine — drawing the brain cell by cell.
Cortical maps from the operating room — the sensory homunculus.
How visual cortex builds edges, columns and critical periods.
Cognitive neuroscience pioneer — patient H.M., memory systems and the lasting lesson that lesions can dissociate what looks unified.
Nerve growth factor — discovering how neurons survive and wire.
Learning as synaptic change — from Aplysia to human memory.
Place cells and the cognitive map inside the hippocampus.
Feeling, self and somatic markers in decision circuits.
Vision, art and how cortex separates colour, form and motion.
No pioneers in this era for this language.