African bush elephant — IUCN split assessments · 169

Amboseli Elephant Research Project since 1972 -- matrilines with names and decades of calves, the opposite of an anonymous ivory graph. Are elephants the highest ecological-role score for a reason? They open woodland, dig water, disperse seeds and rewrite fire. In this 24-type atlas that engineer role outranks even wolves and whales.

A periodic male state with urine dribble, temporal secretion and aggression. It is physiology, not a mood. Large-scale culling paused in the 1990s. Contraception, range expansion and later density debates replaced it without a final peace. Why is resilience low if some parks are full?

Local highs (Chobe, parts of Kruger) sit beside collapsed miombo and Sahel populations. EN is a continental mean, not a waterhole photo. Elephant Voices work on rumble communication and later musth and de-tusking ethics -- a second Amboseli-adjacent science. African bush elephant is one of 24 types in this animals atlas. The pages treat it as a full system -- history, anatomy, operating principles, culture, icons, future pressure and market shape -- not a ranking of a best species.