Electric eel in 2014: Video and split

A 2019 Nature Communications paper split Electrophorus into three: E. electricus, E. voltai and E. varii. Voltage and DNA both argued for the split. E. voltai has been measured near 860 V. That is a prey-stun and defence pulse, not a household-current analogy that holds in every tank.

What did Humboldt actually do in 1800? His account of horses herded into a pool of eels became a European science anecdote. Later readers treated it as a method; it was also travel theatre. Did electric eels inspire the battery? Volta and Galvani debates used animal electricity. Electrophorus was a New World exhibit in that argument, not the sole inventor of the pile.

A high-voltage volley can freeze prey; a weaker field maps the night water. Kenneth Catania high-speed videos in the 2010s showed doublets that twitch hidden fish. Are they Least Concern because they shock people? No. LC reflects a wide Amazon-Orinoco footprint. Dams, drought and capture are local, not a comic-book immunity.