Dual coding in 86: Error as signal

Dual coding: What does the evidence actually say? Paivio and Mayer are among the names this atlas cites for two channels; treat their papers as public science, not as a brand. Dual coding: How does it help a high-stakes exam? It helps when the sitting asks you to produce two channels under time, not when the sitting only asks you to recognise a face.

Dual coding: How fast is a first honest gain? A first honest lift is often a few honest sessions, not a motivational weekend. Dual coding: What do beginners usually break? Beginners skip the check step and call fluency mastery. Dual coding: Which tools are enough to start? A notebook, a timer, and a closed page are enough to start two channels.

Someone who needs a motor skill or a clinical judgement this page cannot teach. Dual coding: How does it combine with other methods? Pair two channels with spacing so the item is asked for after a delay, and with a closed-book dump. Dual coding — what the studies actually show. The evidence list below names the studies that actually constrain word-picture pairs.