A dedicated astrophysics track adds observational technique, telescope instrumentation and cosmology to a physics core, for students headed toward space and observational research.
薪酬58
抗AI65
入行门槛84
Astronomy / Astrophysics在本站通向2种职业，按薪酬排序，并说明该专业为何仍然有效。
通向的职业
部分大学开设为专门的学士学位，通常是物理学加观测技术与数据分析。在博士录取上与物理学位功能等同，但能更早接触真实的望远镜数据。
薪酬55
抗AI70
入行门槛85
开设该专业的地方
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
United StatesIts physics department has produced dozens of Nobel laureates and anchors a large share of US experimental particle and condensed-matter physics.
University of Cambridge
United KingdomHome to the Cavendish Laboratory, founded in 1874, where the electron, the neutron and the structure of DNA were all first identified.
ETH Zurich
SwitzerlandEinstein's alma mater and a major partner institution for CERN, with strong programs in both theoretical and particle physics.
University of Tokyo
JapanRuns the Kamioka Observatory's neutrino experiments and produced 2002 Nobel laureate Masatoshi Koshiba.
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
GermanyContinues a physics tradition that includes Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg, closely linked to the nearby Max Planck Institutes.
Lomonosov Moscow State University
RussiaThe flagship of a Soviet-era physics tradition, including Lev Landau's influential theoretical-physics school, that still trains a large share of Russia's physicists.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
IndiaIndia's leading graduate physics research institute, founded in 1945 by Homi Bhabha, closely tied to India's national space and nuclear programs.
Peking University
ChinaChina's oldest modern physics department, a major feeder into the Chinese Academy of Sciences' rapidly expanding physics institutes.
加州理工学院
美国运营帕洛玛天文台，并共同创立了LIGO——其引力波发现获得了2017年诺贝尔奖；一个规模不大却拥有超大望远镜使用权的群体。
剑桥大学天文学研究所
英国从牛顿到爱丁顿，再到霍伊尔与贝尔·伯内尔发现脉冲星，其传承一脉相承，至今仍是全世界天文学家密度最高的地方之一。
莱顿大学
荷兰创立于1633年的莱顿天文台，是至今仍在运行的最古老的大学天文台；它培养了奥尔特、范德胡尔斯特与柯伊伯，是欧洲实力强劲的荷兰学派的根基。
海德堡大学
德国其柯尼希斯图尔校区紧邻马克斯·普朗克天文研究所，为学生提供了直接进入德国马普研究体系的路径。
这条路径上的资格
PhD in Physics
GlobalThe field's real credential: without a doctorate, almost no independent research position, academic or industrial, is open, since the degree itself certifies the ability to design and complete original research.
Chartered Physicist (CPhys)
United Kingdom / CommonwealthAwarded by the Institute of Physics to experienced physicists who meet a defined competency standard, a professional mark of standing rather than a legal requirement to work.
DOE Q clearance
United StatesA high-level security clearance the US Department of Energy requires for physicists working on classified nuclear-weapons research at national laboratories such as Los Alamos or Lawrence Livermore.
Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions fellowship
European UnionA competitive, EU-funded postdoctoral fellowship that funds early-career researchers to work across borders, a credential that carries real weight on a European academic CV.
博士学位（PhD／DPhil／Dr. rer. nat.）
全球这门职业唯一真正的门槛：大学、天文台与航天机构都把研究型博士学位当作入门资历，经费与望远镜时间的申请资格也大多以此为前提。世界上没有任何地方设有执业资格考试——论文答辩就是那场考试。
冠名博士后奖学金
美国、欧洲、智利NASA的哈勃奖学金项目、ESO奖学金以及玛丽·居里行动，实际上起到了可携带资历的作用：独立资助、竞争极其激烈，招聘委员会会把它视为一条职业生涯正走向永久岗位的标志。
任教资格（Habilitation）
德国、奥地利、法国（HDR）在欧洲大陆大部分地区，历来是获得教授职位所需的第二篇博士后论文。青年教授制与终身教职轨道的改革已软化了这一要求，但任教资格在德语学术界仍是一项标准资历。
国际天文学联合会个人会员资格
全球国际天文学联合会通过各国委员会吸纳会员——全球约1.2万人。这不是一项执业执照，而是这门职业的人口普查与议会：正是2006年的一次国际天文学联合会投票把冥王星降级，也是该联合会的工作组裁定每一个天体的命名。