The useful math is small: compound growth, present value, and adjustments for fees or inflation. Complexity usually arrives from products, not from the core identities. With regular end-of-period contribution C: FV ≈ C × [((1+r)^n − 1) / r] when r ≠ 0.
r_real ≈ r_nominal − i, with i the inflation rate; prefer the Fisher form for precision. €10,000 at 6% for 20 years → about €32,100 before fees/tax. Halve the rate to 3% and the same horizon yields roughly €18,100.
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| Measure | Bucket strategy | Cash renaissance (2020s) | You want |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time sensitivity | |||
| Rate sensitivity | |||
| Contribution leverage | |||
| Behaviour risk | |||
| Tax & fee drag | |||
| Horizon fit |
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Scores are the atlas’s 0–100 teaching marks. They are not a live exchange rate or investment advice.
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The useful math is small: compound growth, present value, and adjustments for fees or inflation. Complexity usually arrives from products, not from the core identities. With regular end-of-period contribution C: FV ≈ C × [((1+r)^n − 1) / r] when r ≠ 0.
r_real ≈ r_nominal − i, with i the inflation rate; prefer the Fisher form for precision. €10,000 at 6% for 20 years → about €32,100 before fees/tax. Halve the rate to 3% and the same horizon yields roughly €18,100.
€300 monthly at 5% for 25 years is on the order of €175k contributed-plus-growth (illustrative; timing conventions vary). A 1% annual fee on a 7% gross path leaves ~6% net — over 30 years the terminal gap versus a 0.1% fee is large, not “one percent”.
8% nominal with 3% inflation is roughly 5% real — the statement can look rich while purchasing power compounds slower. The 2010s taught a generation that cash paid almost nothing; the 2020s reintroduced nominal yields and louder inflation conversations.
These figures describe codes, history, or a teaching calculator. They are not a live exchange rate or investment advice. They do not replace the full topic page.
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